Unit 15
Text
論(lún) 語(yǔ) 者(zhě)，二(èr) 十(shí) 篇(piān)，
群(qún) 弟(dì) 子(zǐ)，記(jì) 善(shàn) 言(yán)。
孟(mèng) 子(zǐ) 者(zhě)，七(qī) 篇(piān) 止(zhǐ)，
講(jiǎng) 道(dào) 德(dé)，說(shuō) 仁(rén) 義(yì)。
Vocabulary
(1) 論語(lún yǔ)：The Analects of Confucius, a book that records Confucius’s sayings and moral teachings to his disciples, as compiled and expanded by his followers
(2) 者(zhě)：referring to The Analects of Confucius
(3) 篇(piān)：a quantifier, used to count literary works or poetry
(4) 群(qún)：a group or a crowd, used to count people or objects
(5) 弟子(dì zǐ)：disciple(s), student(s)
(6) 記(jì)：record
(7) 善(shàn)：good
(8) 言(yán)：language
(9) 孟子(mèng zǐ)：The Mencius, a book of Mencius’s conversations with kings of the time
(10) 止(zhǐ)：only
(11) 道德(dào dé)：a term from Tao Te Ching (or Daodejing), a book written by Laozi. Dao is a godly principle, the road for a human being to return to one’s true self, and the universe’s reality. De means a human being’s intention of conforming to god’s decree, behavior following Dao, that is, sincere morality and the manifestation of good deeds.
(12) 仁義(rén yì)：Benevolence and righteousness
Text Explanation
The Analects of Confucius has twenty chapters and records Confucius’s remarks to his disciples. The Mencius has only seven chapters and discusses moral justice and humanity.
Discussion Questions
(1) What is the Analects of Confucius? Have you read it before? If yes, please share with others one of its sayings. The Analects of Confucius is an important work of Confucianism, one of the Four Books. It records words and acts of Confucius, discusses thoughts about benevolence and righteousness, and provides guidelines for getting along with others and handling matters.
(2) Which saying impacted you the most? Whose saying is it? How did it inspire you?
Story
Confucius
Confucius, also known as Zhong Ni, lived in Lu during the Chun Qiu Dynasty. At the age of three, his father passed away; afterwards, he lived with his mother. Although he was as poor as a church mouse, Confucius loved to read and learn etiquettes.
Confucius began to teach after he turned thirty. Due to the lack of education back then, only nobility and royalty had the opportunity to obtain education, while commoners did not. Therefore, Confucius first established the concept of “teaching all comers without discrimination” and “teaching students according to their aptitude.” He accepted students widely, became the forerunner of private education, and guaranteed that everybody had the chance to learn. Under Confucius’s diligent teaching, all of his students were able to work hard, and the nation’s culture was able to be passed down and carried forward.
Confucius saw many issues of injustice at that time, one of which was an absence of morality in politics. In order to serve the society and help people, he decided to influence and reform people by benevolence and etiquette. As a result, the Lu Nation was restored with prosperity. People no longer had to lock their doors or worry about their possessions being stolen. Lu began to grow stronger everyday.
However, when the rule was passed down to the lustful Lu Ding Gong, Lu became more and more corrupt day by day. Disappointed and frustrated, Confucius resigned from his official position and took his students to countries such as Wei, Jin, Song, Chen, and Chu to carry out his teaching and belief in benevolent administration. However, he was not valued wherever he went.
Fourteen years later, Confucius came back to Lu. He was no longer involved in politics, but instead, devoted himself completely to teaching. Seventy-two of his three thousand students became prestigious sages, and they were known as the “Confucians” for spreading Confucius’s thoughts. The Analects was a book that his students wrote to record Confucius’s sayings and moral teachings to his students. The content was short but succinct, and had many profound meanings.
Confucius was considered the founder of Confucianism, a great philosopher and educator. He was honored as “the head teacher for ten thousand years” and “the teacher of all teachers.”
Writing Reflection
1. How many disciples did Confucius have? How many became well-known later? How did he teach his students?
2. Why did Confucius teach all comers without discrimination?
3. In your school life, which teacher do you remember most? Why?
Unit 16
Text
作(zuò) 中(zhōng) 庸(yōng)，子(zǐ) 思(sī) 筆(bǐ)，
中(zhōng) 不(bù) 偏(piān)，庸(yōng) 不(bú) 易(yì)。
作(zuò) 大(dà) 學(xué)，乃(nǎi) 曾(zēng) 子(zǐ)，
自(zì) 修(xiū) 齊(qí)，至(zhì) 平(píng) 治(zhì)。
Vocabulary
(1)作(zuò)：write
(2)中庸(zhōng yōng)：The Doctrine of the Mean, written by Confucius’s grandson, Zi Si, titled as a chapter of The Ritual Records
(3)子思(zǐ sī)：Confucius’s grandson, a disciple of Zeng Zi
(4)筆(bǐ)：pen, here used as a verb, referring to writing with a pen
(5)偏(piān)：slanting or deviating from the center；不偏(bù piān)：not deviating from the center, taking the correct path
(6)易(yì)：change
(7)大學(dà xué)：The Great Learning, titled as a chapter of The Ritual Records, written by Confucius’s disciple, Zeng Zi
(8)曾子(zēng zǐ)：Confucius’s disciple, Zeng Zi, also named as Zeng Seng, known for his filial piety
(9)自(zì)：from
(10)修齊(xiū qí)：a short term for 修身(xiū shen, practice self-examination) and 齊家 (qí jia, organize the family)
(11)平治(ping zhì)：a short term for 治國(zhì gúo, manage the nation) and 平天下(ping tian xìa, govern the world), should be 治平, but stated as 平治 to rhyme with other lines
Text Explanation
The Doctrine of the Mean was written by Zeng Zi. It states the importance of not deviating from the correct path and keeping to the central position. The Great Learning was written by Zeng Zi. It discusses principles and truth from practicing self-examination, organizing the family, managing the nation and governing the world.
Discussion Questions
1. Why do you think the correct path is not taken by some people?
2. It states “自修齊，至平治” (practice self-examination) in the text. Why is practice of self-examination the most fundamental?
Story
Appearance Plus Integrity Makes a Gentlema
One day, while Confucius was resting at home, he said to his son Kong Li with a sigh, “A gentleman must learn. He must titivate himself before meeting others, or he would look sordid. If he looks sordid, he would seem disrespectful to others. If he seems disrespectful to others, he would not be able to live in this world. Those who look radiant at a distance are the ones who have titivated themselves. Those who approach and enlighten others are the ones with great wisdom.”
“Father, what you meant here is that gentlemen must be good at titivating themselves. Yet you also teach me often that gentlemen should maintain themselves as what they truly are. They don’t need to be garish, do they?” Long Li asked
“Li, you haven’t understood what I meant,” said Confucius. “Elegant appearance is as important as one’s intrinsic qualities. Appearance plus integrity makes a gentleman. If a person is too rustic, he would seem vulgar and barbaric. But one should not put too much emphasis on appearances, either. If one’s appearance speaks louder than his true self, he would become hypocritical and unreal. Those who speak only sweet words or pretend to be nice seldom have any morality. Only when intrinsic qualities match elegant appearance can a person become a gentleman.
A gentleman is an idol and model to all mortals in Confucianism. But to become one is not an easy task. It requires the balance of appearance and personal qualities, just like the Confucian saying, “With appearance and integrity, one can pass for a gentleman.” There is another saying, “Too much is the same as not enough,” which means that a person cannot be a gentleman if he is too garish or too rustic. The only way to be a gentleman is to strike a balance in between.
Writing Reflection
1. Based on the above-mentioned story, summarize how Confucius told Kong Li about how to be a gentleman?
2. What is the doctrine of the mean? What can we do, so as not to deviate from the correct path?
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